=====================
Dell EMC Unity driver
=====================

Unity driver has been integrated in the OpenStack Block Storage project since
the Ocata release. The driver is built on the top of Block Storage framework
and a Dell EMC distributed Python package
`storops <https://pypi.org/project/storops>`_.

Prerequisites
~~~~~~~~~~~~~

+-------------------+-----------------+
|    Software       |    Version      |
+===================+=================+
| Unity OE          | 4.1.X or newer  |
+-------------------+-----------------+
| storops           | 1.2.3 or newer  |
+-------------------+-----------------+


Supported operations
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

- Create, delete, attach, and detach volumes.
- Create, delete, attach, and detach compressed volumes.
- Create, list, and delete volume snapshots.
- Create a volume from a snapshot.
- Copy an image to a volume.
- Create an image from a volume.
- Clone a volume.
- Extend a volume.
- Migrate a volume.
- Get volume statistics.
- Efficient non-disruptive volume backup.
- Revert a volume to a snapshot.
- Create thick volumes.
- Create volume with tiering policy.
- Create and delete consistent groups.
- Add/remove volumes to/from a consistent group.
- Create and delete consistent group snapshots.
- Clone a consistent group.
- Create a consistent group from a snapshot.
- Attach a volume to multiple servers simultaneously (multiattach).
- Volume replications.
- Consistency group replications.

Driver configuration
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. note:: The following instructions should all be performed on Black Storage
          nodes.

#. Install `storops` from pypi:

   .. code-block:: console

      # pip install storops


#. Add the following content into ``/etc/cinder/cinder.conf``:

   .. code-block:: ini

      [DEFAULT]
      enabled_backends = unity

      [unity]
      # Storage protocol
      storage_protocol = iSCSI
      # Unisphere IP
      san_ip = <SAN IP>
      # Unisphere username and password
      san_login = <SAN LOGIN>
      san_password = <SAN PASSWORD>
      # Volume driver name
      volume_driver = cinder.volume.drivers.dell_emc.unity.Driver
      # backend's name
      volume_backend_name = Storage_ISCSI_01

   .. note:: These are minimal options for Unity driver, for more options,
             see `Driver options`_.


.. note:: (**Optional**) If you require multipath based data access, perform
          below steps on both Block Storage and Compute nodes.


#. Install ``sysfsutils``, ``sg3-utils`` and ``multipath-tools``:

   .. code-block:: console

      # apt-get install multipath-tools sg3-utils sysfsutils


#. (Required for FC driver in case `Auto-zoning Support`_ is disabled) Zone the
   FC ports of Compute nodes with Unity FC target ports.


#. Enable Unity storage optimized multipath configuration:

   Add the following content into ``/etc/multipath.conf``

   .. code-block:: vim

      blacklist {
          # Skip the files uner /dev that are definitely not FC/iSCSI devices
          # Different system may need different customization
          devnode "^(ram|raw|loop|fd|md|dm-|sr|scd|st)[0-9]*"
          devnode "^hd[a-z][0-9]*"
          devnode "^cciss!c[0-9]d[0-9]*[p[0-9]*]"

          # Skip LUNZ device from VNX/Unity
          device {
              vendor "DGC"
              product "LUNZ"
          }
      }

      defaults {
          user_friendly_names no
          flush_on_last_del yes
      }

      devices {
          # Device attributed for EMC CLARiiON and VNX/Unity series ALUA
          device {
              vendor "DGC"
              product ".*"
              product_blacklist "LUNZ"
              path_grouping_policy group_by_prio
              path_selector "round-robin 0"
              path_checker emc_clariion
              features "0"
              no_path_retry 12
              hardware_handler "1 alua"
              prio alua
              failback immediate
          }
      }


#. Restart the multipath service:

   .. code-block:: console

      # service multipath-tools restart


#. Enable multipath for image transfer in ``/etc/cinder/cinder.conf`` for each
   backend or in ``[backend_defaults]`` section as a common configuration
   for all backends.

   .. code-block:: ini

      use_multipath_for_image_xfer = True

   Restart the ``cinder-volume`` service to load the change.

#. Enable multipath for volume attache/detach in ``/etc/nova/nova.conf``.

   .. code-block:: ini

      [libvirt]
      ...
      volume_use_multipath = True
      ...

#. Restart the ``nova-compute`` service.

Driver options
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. config-table::
   :config-target: Unity

   cinder.volume.drivers.dell_emc.unity.driver

FC or iSCSI ports option
------------------------

Specify the list of FC or iSCSI ports to be used to perform the IO. Wild card
character is supported.
For iSCSI ports, use the following format:

.. code-block:: ini

   unity_io_ports = spa_eth2, spb_eth2, *_eth3

For FC ports, use the following format:

.. code-block:: ini

   unity_io_ports = spa_iom_0_fc0, spb_iom_0_fc0, *_iom_0_fc1

List the port ID with the :command:`uemcli` command:

.. code-block:: console

   $ uemcli /net/port/eth show -output csv
   ...
   "spa_eth2","SP A Ethernet Port 2","spa","file, net, iscsi", ...
   "spb_eth2","SP B Ethernet Port 2","spb","file, net, iscsi", ...
   ...

   $ uemcli /net/port/fc show -output csv
   ...
   "spa_iom_0_fc0","SP A I/O Module 0 FC Port 0","spa", ...
   "spb_iom_0_fc0","SP B I/O Module 0 FC Port 0","spb", ...
   ...

Live migration integration
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

It is suggested to have multipath configured on Compute nodes for robust data
access in VM instances live migration scenario. Once ``user_friendly_names no``
is set in defaults section of ``/etc/multipath.conf``, Compute nodes will use
the WWID as the alias for the multipath devices.

To enable multipath in live migration:

.. note:: Make sure `Driver configuration`_ steps are performed before
          following steps.

#. Set multipath in ``/etc/nova/nova.conf``:

   .. code-block:: ini

      [libvirt]
      ...
      volume_use_multipath = True
      ...

   Restart `nova-compute` service.


#. Set ``user_friendly_names no`` in ``/etc/multipath.conf``

   .. code-block:: text

      ...
      defaults {
          user_friendly_names no
      }
      ...

#. Restart the ``multipath-tools`` service.


Thin and thick provisioning
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

By default, the volume created by Unity driver is thin provisioned. Run the
following commands to create a thick volume.

.. code-block:: console

    # openstack volume type create --property provisioning:type=thick \
      --property thick_provisioning_support='<is> True' thick_volume_type
    # openstack volume create --type thick_volume_type thick_volume


Compressed volume support
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Unity driver supports ``compressed volume`` creation, modification and
deletion. In order to create a compressed volume, a volume type which
enables compression support needs to be created first:

.. code-block:: console

   $ openstack volume type create CompressedVolumeType
   $ openstack volume type set --property provisioning:type=compressed --property compression_support='<is> True' CompressedVolumeType

Then create volume and specify the new created volume type.

.. note:: In Unity, only All-Flash pools support compressed volume, for the
          other type of pools, "'compression_support': False" will be
          returned when getting pool stats.


Storage-assisted volume migration support
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Unity driver supports storage-assisted volume migration, when the user starts
migrating with ``cinder migrate --force-host-copy False <volume_id> <host>`` or
``cinder migrate <volume_id> <host>``, cinder will try to leverage the Unity's
native volume migration functionality. If Unity fails to migrate the volume,
host-assisted migration will be triggered.

In the following scenarios, Unity storage-assisted volume migration will not be
triggered. Instead, host-assisted volume migration will be triggered:

- Volume is to be migrated across backends.
- Migration of cloned volume. For example, if vol_2 was cloned from vol_1,
  the storage-assisted volume migration of vol_2 will not be triggered.


Retype volume support
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Unity driver supports to change a volume's type after its creation.

.. code-block:: console

   $ cinder retype [--migration-policy <never|on-demand>] <volume> <volume-type>

The --migration-policy is not enabled by default.
Some retype operations will require migration based on back-end support.
In these cases, the storage-assisted migration will be triggered regardless
the --migration-policy. For examples: retype between 'thin' and 'thick', retype
between 'thick' and 'compressed', retype to type(s) current host doesn't
support.


QoS support
~~~~~~~~~~~

Unity driver supports ``maxBWS`` and ``maxIOPS`` specs for the back-end
consumer type. ``maxBWS`` represents the ``Maximum Bandwidth (KBPS)`` absolute
limit, ``maxIOPS`` represents the ``Maximum IO/S`` absolute limit on the
Unity respectively.


Storage tiering support
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Unity supports fully automated storage tiering which requires the FAST VP
license activated on the Unity. The OpenStack administrator can use the extra
spec key ``storagetype:tiering`` to set the tiering policy of a volume and
use the key ``fast_support='<is> True'`` to let Block Storage scheduler find
a volume back end which manages a Unity with FAST VP license activated. There
are four supported values for the extra spec key ``storagetype:tiering``
when creating volume.

- Key: ``storagetype:tiering``
- Possible values:

  - ``StartHighThenAuto``
  - ``Auto``
  - ``HighestAvailable``
  - ``LowestAvailable``

- Default: ``StartHighThenAuto``

Run the following commands to create a volume type with tiering policy:

.. code-block:: console

   $ openstack volume type create VolumeOnAutoTier
   $ openstack volume type set --property storagetype:tiering=Auto --property fast_support='<is> True' VolumeOnAutoTier


Auto-zoning support
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Unity volume driver supports auto-zoning, and share the same configuration
guide for other vendors. Refer to :ref:`fc_zone_manager`
for detailed configuration steps.

Solution for LUNZ device
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

The EMC host team also found LUNZ on all of the hosts, EMC best practice is to
present a LUN with HLU 0 to clear any LUNZ devices as they can cause issues on
the host. See KB `LUNZ Device <https://support.emc.com/kb/463402>`_.

To workaround this issue, Unity driver creates a `Dummy LUN` (if not present),
and adds it to each host to occupy the `HLU 0` during volume attachment.

.. note:: This `Dummy LUN` is shared among all hosts connected to the Unity.

Efficient non-disruptive volume backup
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

The default implementation in Block Storage for non-disruptive volume backup is
not efficient since a cloned volume will be created during backup.

An effective approach to backups is to create a snapshot for the volume and
connect this snapshot to the Block Storage host for volume backup.

SSL support
~~~~~~~~~~~

Admin is able to enable the SSL verification for any communication against
Unity REST API.

By default, the SSL verification is disabled, user can enable it by following
steps:

#. Setup the Unity array certificate and import it to the Unity, see section
   `Storage system certificate` of `Security Configuration Guide <https://www.emc.com/collateral/TechnicalDocument/docu69321.pdf>`_.

#. Import the CA certificate to the Cinder nodes on which the driver is
   running.

#. Enable the changes on cinder nodes and restart the cinder services.

.. code-block:: ini

     [unity]
     ...
     driver_ssl_cert_verify = True
     driver_ssl_cert_path = <path to the CA>
     ...


If `driver_ssl_cert_path` is omitted, the system default CA will be used for CA
verification.


IPv6 support
~~~~~~~~~~~~

This driver can support IPv6-based control path and data path.

For control path, please follow below steps:

- Enable Unity's Unipshere IPv6 address.
- Configure the IPv6 network to make sure that cinder node can access Unishpere
  via IPv6 address.
- Change Cinder config file ``/etc/cinder/cinder.conf``. Make the ``san_ip``
  as Unisphere IPv6 address. For example, ``san_ip = [fd99:f17b:37d0::100]``.
- Restart the Cinder service to make new configuration take effect.

**Note**: The IPv6 support on control path depends on the fix of cpython
`bug 32185 <https://bugs.python.org/issue32185>`__. Please make sure your
Python's version includes this bug's fix.

For data path, please follow below steps:

- On Unity, Create iSCSI interface with IPv6 address.
- Configure the IPv6 network to make sure that you can ``ping``
  the Unity's iSCSI IPv6 address from the Cinder node.
- If you create a volume using Cinder and attach it to a VM,
  the connection between this VM and volume will be IPv6-based iSCSI.

Force detach volume from all hosts
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

The user could use `os-force_detach` action to detach a volume from all its
attached hosts.
For more detail, please refer to
https://docs.openstack.org/api-ref/block-storage/v2/?expanded=force-detach-volume-detail#force-detach-volume

Consistent group support
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

For a group to support consistent group snapshot, the group specs in the
corresponding group type should have the following entry:

.. code-block:: ini

    {'consistent_group_snapshot_enabled': <is> True}

Similarly, for a volume to be in a group that supports consistent group
snapshots, the volume type extra specs would also have the following entry:

.. code-block:: ini

    {'consistent_group_snapshot_enabled': <is> True}

Refer to :doc:`/admin/blockstorage-groups`
for command lines detail.

Volume replications
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

To enable volume replications, follow below steps:

1. On Unisphere, configure remote system and interfaces for replications.

The way could be different depending on the type of replications - sync or async.
Refer to `Unity Replication White Paper
<https://www.emc.com/collateral/white-papers/h15088-dell-emc-unity-replication-technologies.pdf>`_
for more detail.

2. Add `replication_device` to storage backend settings in `cinder.conf`, then
   restart Cinder Volume service.

   Example of `cinder.conf` for volume replications:

   .. code-block:: ini

       [unity-primary]
       san_ip = xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx
       ...
       replication_device = backend_id:unity-secondary,san_ip:yyy.yyy.yyy.yyy,san_login:username,san_password:****,max_time_out_of_sync:60

   - Only one `replication_device` can be configured for each primary backend.
   - Keys `backend_id`, `san_ip`, `san_password`, and `max_time_out_of_sync`
     are supported in `replication_device`, while `backend_id` and `san_ip`
     are required.
   - `san_password` uses the same one as primary backend's if it is omitted.
   - `max_time_out_of_sync` is the max time in minutes replications are out of
     sync. It must be equal or greater than `0`. `0` means sync replications
     of volumes will be created. Note that remote systems for sync replications
     need to be created on Unity first. `60` will be used if it is omitted.

#. Create a volume type with property `replication_enabled='<is> True'`.

   .. code-block:: console

       $ openstack volume type create --property replication_enabled='<is> True' type-replication

#. Any volumes with volume type of step #3 will failover to secondary backend
   after `failover_host` is executed.

   .. code-block:: console

       $ cinder failover-host --backend_id unity-secondary stein@unity-primary

#. Later, they could be failed back.

   .. code-block:: console

       $ cinder failover-host --backend_id default stein@unity-primary

.. note:: The volume can be deleted even when it is participating in a
   replication. The replication session will be deleted from Unity before the
   LUN is deleted.

Consistency group replications
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

To enable consistency group replications, follow below steps:

1. On Unisphere, configure remote system and interfaces for replications.

The way could be different depending on the type of replications - sync or async.
Refer to `Unity Replication White Paper
<https://www.emc.com/collateral/white-papers/h15088-dell-emc-unity-replication-technologies.pdf>`_
for more detail.

2. Add `replication_device` to storage backend settings in `cinder.conf`, then
   restart Cinder Volume service.

   Example of `cinder.conf` for volume replications:

   .. code-block:: ini

       [unity-primary]
       san_ip = xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx
       ...
       replication_device = backend_id:unity-secondary,san_ip:yyy.yyy.yyy.yyy,san_login:username,san_password:****,max_time_out_of_sync:60

   - Only one `replication_device` can be configured for each primary backend.
   - Keys `backend_id`, `san_ip`, `san_password`, and `max_time_out_of_sync`
     are supported in `replication_device`, while `backend_id` and `san_ip`
     are required.
   - `san_password` uses the same one as primary backend's if it is omitted.
   - `max_time_out_of_sync` is the max time in minutes replications are out of
     sync. It must be equal or greater than `0`. `0` means sync replications
     of volumes will be created. Note that remote systems for sync replications
     need to be created on Unity first. `60` will be used if it is omitted.

3. Create a volume type with property `replication_enabled='<is> True'`.

   .. code-block:: console

       $ openstack volume type create --property replication_enabled='<is> True' type-replication

4. Create a consistency group type with properties
   `consistent_group_snapshot_enabled='<is> True'`
   and `consistent_group_replication_enabled='<is> True'`.

   .. code-block:: console

       $ cinder --os-volume-api-version 3.38 group-type-create type-cg-replication
       $ cinder --os-volume-api-version 3.38 group-type-key type-cg-replication set
       consistent_group_snapshot_enabled='<is> True' consistent_group_replication_enabled='<is> True'

5. Create a group type with volume types support replication.

   .. code-block:: console

       $ cinder --os-volume-api-version 3.38 group-create --name test-cg {type-cg-replication-id} type-replication

6. Create volume in the consistency group.

   .. code-block:: console

       $ cinder --os-volume-api-version 3.38 create --volume-type type-replication --group-id {test-cg-id}
       --name {volume-name} {size}

7. Enable consistency group replication.

   .. code-block:: console

       $ cinder --os-volume-api-version 3.38 group-enable-replication test-cg

8. Disable consistency group replication.

   .. code-block:: console

       $ cinder --os-volume-api-version 3.38 group-disable-replication test-cg

9. Failover consistency group replication.

   .. code-block:: console

       $ cinder --os-volume-api-version 3.38 group-failover-replication test-cg

10. Failback consistency group replication.

    .. code-block:: console

        $ cinder --os-volume-api-version 3.38 group-failover-replication test-cg --secondary-backend-id default

.. note:: Only support group replication of consistency group,
    see step 4 and 5 to create consistency group support replication.


Troubleshooting
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

To troubleshoot a failure in OpenStack deployment, the best way is to
enable verbose and debug log, at the same time, leverage the build-in
`Return request ID to caller
<https://specs.openstack.org/openstack/openstack-specs/specs/return-request-id.html>`_
to track specific Block Storage command logs.


#. Enable verbose log, set following in ``/etc/cinder/cinder.conf`` and restart
   all Block Storage services:

   .. code-block:: ini

      [DEFAULT]

      ...

      debug = True
      verbose = True

      ...


   If other projects (usually Compute) are also involved, set `debug`
   and ``verbose`` to ``True``.

#. use ``--debug`` to trigger any problematic Block Storage operation:

   .. code-block:: console

      # cinder --debug create --name unity_vol1 100


   You will see the request ID from the console, for example:

   .. code-block:: console

      DEBUG:keystoneauth:REQ: curl -g -i -X POST
      http://192.168.1.9:8776/v2/e50d22bdb5a34078a8bfe7be89324078/volumes -H
      "User-Agent: python-cinderclient" -H "Content-Type: application/json" -H
      "Accept: application/json" -H "X-Auth-Token:
      {SHA1}bf4a85ad64302b67a39ad7c6f695a9630f39ab0e" -d '{"volume": {"status":
      "creating", "user_id": null, "name": "unity_vol1", "imageRef": null,
      "availability_zone": null, "description": null, "multiattach": false,
      "attach_status": "detached", "volume_type": null, "metadata": {},
      "consistencygroup_id": null, "source_volid": null, "snapshot_id": null,
      "project_id": null, "source_replica": null, "size": 10}}'
      DEBUG:keystoneauth:RESP: [202] X-Compute-Request-Id:
      req-3a459e0e-871a-49f9-9796-b63cc48b5015 Content-Type: application/json
      Content-Length: 804 X-Openstack-Request-Id:
      req-3a459e0e-871a-49f9-9796-b63cc48b5015 Date: Mon, 12 Dec 2016 09:31:44 GMT
      Connection: keep-alive

#. Use commands like ``grep``, ``awk`` to find the error related to the Block
   Storage operations.

   .. code-block:: console

      # grep "req-3a459e0e-871a-49f9-9796-b63cc48b5015" cinder-volume.log


